How Is Elephant Society Structured?
Elephant herds are built from family groups, bond groups, and clans, each layer holding a different level of trust and contact. Here is how it works.
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How Do Elephant Teeth Determine Their Lifespan?
Elephants grow six sets of molars across a lifetime. When the last set wears out, starvation, not age, usually ends their life.
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How Does an Elephant's Trunk Actually Work?
An elephant trunk has no bones, holds 40,000 muscles, and works as a nose, hand, snorkel, and weapon. Here is how it is built.
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Why Don't Elephants Get Cancer More Often?
Elephants have far more cells than humans yet lower cancer rates. Extra copies of the p53 gene and a resurrected backup gene explain the mismatch.
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How Did Elephants Evolve Over 60 Million Years?
From a dog-sized ancestor to three living giants, the elephant family tree ran through 180 species, mammoths, and Mediterranean dwarfs.
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Why Don't Predators Hunt Adult Elephants?
An adult elephant's size, up to 6,000 kilograms, puts it outside the food web most predators can touch. Here is the biology behind that scale.
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