Why Do Emperor Penguins Breed in the Antarctic Winter?
Emperor chicks must be independent when summer food peaks, so breeding starts in the May darkness, with males fasting and huddling through winter.
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How Big Were Prehistoric Penguins?
Kumimanu fordycei, the largest known fossil penguin, weighed about 159 kg, four times an emperor. Here is why giant penguins thrived, then vanished.
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Why Can't Penguins Fly?
Penguin ancestors flew. Diving then rebuilt the wing into a rigid flipper and packed the bones dense, trading the sky for speed and depth underwater.
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